International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

16 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

The Role of Traditional and Religious Beliefs in HIV Testing and Prevention in Africa: A Scoping Review Protocol

by Silingene Joyce Ngcobo and Tracy Zhandire

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050743 - 8 May 2025

Human immunodeficiency virus remains a persistent public health challenge in Africa, with cultural and religious beliefs influencing testing and prevention behaviors. Understanding these influences is important for developing culturally appropriate interventions. This scoping review protocol outlines a plan to systematically map the existing [...] Read more.

Human immunodeficiency virus remains a persistent public health challenge in Africa, with cultural and religious beliefs influencing testing and prevention behaviors. Understanding these influences is important for developing culturally appropriate interventions. This scoping review protocol outlines a plan to systematically map the existing literature on the impact of traditional and religious beliefs, and the roles of traditional and religious leaders, on HIV testing and prevention behaviors across African contexts. Following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, the review will progress through six methodical stages. By identifying, analyzing, and summarizing the relevant literature and consulting stakeholders, this review aims to inform the development of culturally informed public health interventions and identify areas requiring further research. The intended outcome is a structured overview of how traditional and religious beliefs and leaders shape HIV testing and prevention behaviors, identifying contextual factors to guide the creation of effective HIV prevention programs within African communities. This scoping review protocol has been shared on Open Science Framework (OSF). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases, Chronic Diseases, and Disease Prevention)

12 pages, 432 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating the Impact of Massage Therapy on Performance and Well-Being in Taekwondo Practitioners: A Systematic Review

by Musa L. Mathunjwa, S’bongile Mahlangu and Monoem Haddad

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050742 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Background and objectives: Taekwondo is a physically intense martial art that demands strength, agility, and mental focus, often leading to physical and psychological strain. While massage therapy is recognized for enhancing muscle recovery, reducing injury risk, alleviating stress, and improving sleep quality in [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Taekwondo is a physically intense martial art that demands strength, agility, and mental focus, often leading to physical and psychological strain. While massage therapy is recognized for enhancing muscle recovery, reducing injury risk, alleviating stress, and improving sleep quality in athletes, its specific effects on Taekwondo athletes remain underexplored. This review aims to evaluate the impact of massage therapy on physical recovery, injury prevention, and psychological well-being in Taekwondo athletes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across Science Direct, Google Scholar, Sport Discus, and PubMed, using MeSH terms including “massage therapy,” “Taekwondo athletes,” “muscle recovery,” “injury prevention,” “psychological well-being,” “Swedish massage,” “deep tissue massage,” “sports massage,” “performance optimization,” and “sleep quality.” Results: Thirteen peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that massage therapy improves muscle recovery, enhances flexibility and balance, supports injury prevention, and contributes positively to athletes’ psychological states, including mood and anxiety reduction. Conclusions: Massage therapy appears to be an effective intervention for enhancing both performance and well-being in Taekwondo athletes. Future studies should aim to standardize massage protocols and investigate long-term effects across training and competition periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Effects of Exercise Behavior and Amount of Exercise on Public Health: How to Overcome Barriers to Increase Adherence)

17 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screen Time Matters: Exploring the Behavioral Effects of Devices on Saudi Children

by Faisal O. AlQurashi, Feeda S. Almensif, Fatimah H. Alkhabbaz, Karrar Y. Alkhawahir and Dana Abalkhail

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050741 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. Recent concerns suggest a potential link between increased screen time and the manifestation of ADHD symptoms. This study examined the relationship between screen time and [...] Read more.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. Recent concerns suggest a potential link between increased screen time and the manifestation of ADHD symptoms. This study examined the relationship between screen time and ADHD-related symptoms in neurotypical children aged 3–18 years in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by caregivers, focusing on screen time habits, ADHD-related symptoms (measured using the SNAP-IV scale), and potential confounders. A total of 324 children participated, with a slight male predominance (52.2%) and a median age of 9.07 years. Most of the children were Saudi nationals (97.5%) and resided in urban areas (70.7%). Using screens for more than 5 h was associated with higher total SNAP-IV scores. Multivariate analysis revealed that unrestricted screen time, related disorders, and lower maternal education were strongly associated with higher SNAP-IV scores. This study revealed a notable association between screen time characteristics, sociodemographic factors, and ADHD-related symptom severity in children in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Full article

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28 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessReview

Greywater Reuse: Contaminant Profile, Health Implications, and Sustainable Solutions

by Phumudzo Budeli and Linda Lunga Sibali

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050740 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Global water scarcity is becoming an increasingly critical issue; greywater reuse presents a promising solution to alleviate pressure on freshwater resources, particularly in arid and water-scarce regions. Greywater typically sourced from household activities such as laundry, bathing, and dishwashing, constitutes a significant portion [...] Read more.

Global water scarcity is becoming an increasingly critical issue; greywater reuse presents a promising solution to alleviate pressure on freshwater resources, particularly in arid and water-scarce regions. Greywater typically sourced from household activities such as laundry, bathing, and dishwashing, constitutes a significant portion of domestic wastewater. However, the reuse of greywater raises concerns about the potential risks posed by its complex composition. Despite the growing body of literature on greywater reuse, most studies only focus on specific contaminants, thus there is a limited understanding of the comprehensive profile of contaminants, health, and environmental effects associated with these pollutants. This review adds new knowledge through a holistic exploration of the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of greywater, with a focus on its organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, EDCs, emerging microplastics, nanoparticles, and microbial agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. This review sheds light on the current state of knowledge regarding greywater pollutants and their associated risks while highlighting the importance of safe reuse. Additionally, this review highlights the removal of contaminants from greywater and the sustainable use of grey water for addressing water scarcity in affected regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection 2nd Edition of Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)

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23 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PauseNørd Pilot Study: Exploring the Implementation of Mini Movement Breaks in University Lectures

by Ilaria M. Piccinini, Jesper Hallas, Casey L. Peiris, Henrik Lauridsen, Tina Dalager and Karen Søgaard

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050739 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

We pilot-tested movement breaks lasting < 1minute at the University of Southern Denmark (SDU) with an initiative called PauseNørd. Our mixed-methods feasibility study explored the acceptability, practicality, expansion, and limited efficacy of the PauseNørd breaks (PN breaks) via observation, questionnaires, and short [...] Read more.

We pilot-tested movement breaks lasting < 1minute at the University of Southern Denmark (SDU) with an initiative called PauseNørd. Our mixed-methods feasibility study explored the acceptability, practicality, expansion, and limited efficacy of the PauseNørd breaks (PN breaks) via observation, questionnaires, and short interviews. Three groups of students tested lectures with and without the PN breaks. The PN breaks were well accepted by students and lecturers, and they were practically easy to implement. Suggestions to improve practicality related to timing and frequency. Potential barriers to expansion were identified in relation to student familiarity with exercise and lecturer comfort in leading the breaks. Preliminary data on effectiveness indicated that the PN breaks could support alertness, concentration, enjoyment, motivation, positive mood, and the social interactions within the class. The learning from the pilot study will be used to inform future PN research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exercise and Health-Related Quality of Life)

24 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residential Proximity, Duration, and Health-Related Quality of Life: Insights from the Fernald Cohort

by Sara Burcham, Wei-Wen Hsu, Sharon L. Larson, Jack Rubinstein and Susan M. Pinney

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050738 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

The impact of living near environmental contamination on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is not well understood. This study examined the impacts of the residential proximity (RP) and time spent near a former Department of Energy uranium processing facility (located in Fernald, [...] Read more.

The impact of living near environmental contamination on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is not well understood. This study examined the impacts of the residential proximity (RP) and time spent near a former Department of Energy uranium processing facility (located in Fernald, Ohio) on the surrounding community’s HRQoL outcomes. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the data collected from participants using the Short Form-36 survey at the time of the enrollment in the Fernald Medical Monitoring Program (n = 7957). Mental and physical component summary scores (MCS and PCS, respectively) were computed for each participant. The scores were compared among the cohort participants, stratified by the RP to the facility and to the U.S. general population. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify associations between the RP from the facility, duration at residence, participant characteristics, and HRQoL. The adults and minors at enrollment (MAEs) living within two miles of the facility reported slightly lower MCS scores compared to those of residents who lived >2 miles from the facility, after controlling for confounding variables (adults: marginal effect (ME): −0.553, p-value: 0.002, MAEs: ME: −1.594, p-value: 0.040). The RP had a significant association with PCS scores among adults but not with the MAEs (adults: ME: −0.456, p-value: 0.010). No significant relationship was observed between the duration at residence and HRQoL. Considering the association between the RP and HRQoL in the Fernald cohort, integrating a health perception screening tool into community healthcare practices would benefit residents near environmentally contaminated sites to capture the variable nature of perceived health over time. Full article

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15 pages, 475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of ICT Use and Technological Dependence in University Students from Spain and Japan: A Cross-Cultural Analysis

by José Antonio Martín Herrero, Ana Victoria Torres García, María Concepción Vega-Hernández, Marcos Iglesias Carrera and Masako Kubo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050737 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Background: After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, abusive use of the internet and new information and communication technologies (ICT) among university students was detected. Our research questions were as follows: what has been the impact on the academic performance of university students, [...] Read more.

Background: After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, abusive use of the internet and new information and communication technologies (ICT) among university students was detected. Our research questions were as follows: what has been the impact on the academic performance of university students, and how did the pandemic affect students’ relationship with ICTs? The aim of this research was to explore the use of cell phones and the internet in students from different cultures (Spanish and Japanese) after the pandemic. Methods: This descriptive and exploratory study analysed 206 university students from Spanish and Japanese cultures to understand their perceptions of academic performance after the pandemic, their general use of ICT, and their abusive use of the internet and mobile phones. Instruments included the Internet Overuse Scale (IOS) and the Cell-Phone Overuse Scale (COS), adapted for both Spanish and Japanese populations. Differences between quantitative variables were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples (Spanish and Japanese students or by sex). Contingency tables were created to record and analyse relationships between qualitative variables using the chi-squared test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Approximately 29.6% of participants displayed excessive internet use, while 25.2% showed pathological mobile phone use. A strong association was found between high internet and mobile phone usage. Significant cultural and gender differences were observed, with higher problematic use among Japanese students and female participants. Conclusions: Excessive ICT use remains a concern in university settings, with gender and cultural factors playing key roles. These findings highlight the need for targeted digital well-being interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)

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23 pages, 5045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Architecture of Public Buildings as a Transformative Model Toward Health and Sustainability

by Mihajlo Zinoski, Iva Petrunova and Jana Brsakoska

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050736 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Public buildings are crucial to creating healthy and sustainable cities. These buildings promote social cohesion and enrich urban life by transforming existing facilities into hybrid models that integrate medical content. Historical developments highlight shifts in residential, economic, and healthcare infrastructure. The healthcare system [...] Read more.

Public buildings are crucial to creating healthy and sustainable cities. These buildings promote social cohesion and enrich urban life by transforming existing facilities into hybrid models that integrate medical content. Historical developments highlight shifts in residential, economic, and healthcare infrastructure. The healthcare system aims to enhance public health while ensuring financial equity. Reforms in healthcare privatization, governed by public health and insurance policies, involve liberalizing service provision and are supported by the Ministry of Health and Finance. This study examines how public buildings can adapt to enhance health and social sustainability. Through case studies, it assesses architectural adaptability in analyzing spatial, economic, and social impacts. Diagrams illustrate spatial dynamics, while surveys compare efficiency, sustainability, and user experience. Statistical analysis highlights the role of spatial adaptability in fostering sustainable urban environments. The results, which express significant differences between means for different locations and citizens’ satisfaction, suggest that the hypothesis offers substantial results in every area. Besides commercial programs in commercial buildings, healthcare also gives satisfactory results. This study advocates for adaptive architecture as a key strategy, aligning with evolving societal and health demands. Hybridizing healthcare facilities and commercial spaces transforms shopping centers into sustainable models, enhancing social cohesion and economic viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Spaces, Healthy Lives: Analyzing the Role of Built Environment on Human Health)

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16 pages, 1614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health and Resilience in Nursing Students: A Longitudinal Study

by William Donegá Martinez, Tiago Casaleiro, João Daniel de Souza Menezes, Matheus Querino da Silva, Emerson Roberto dos Santos, Rauer Ferreira Franco, Alex Bertolazzo Quiterio, Thales Guardia de Barros, Ana Julia de Deus Silva, Luiz Otávio Maciel Lopes, Sônia Maria Maciel Lopes, Natalia Almeida de Arnaldo Silva Rodriguez Castro, Camila Aline Lázaro, Maria Laura Fabris, Josimerci Ittavo Lamana Faria, Fernando Nestor Facio Júnior, Maria Helena Pinto, Daniele Alcalá Pompeo, Denise Cristina Móz Vaz Oliani, Antônio Hélio Oliani, Neuza Alves Bonifácio, Loiane Letícia dos Santos, Marco Antonio Ribeiro Filho, Gerardo Maria de Araújo Filho, Nádia Antônia Aparecida Poletti, Luís Cesar Fava Spessoto, Natália Sperli Geraldes Marin dos Santos Sasaki, Aparecida de Fátima Michelin, Sabrina Ramires Sakamoto, Maysa Alahmar Bianchin, Vânia Maria Sabadoto Brienze, Alba Regina de Abreu Lima, Rita de Cássia Helú Mendonça Ribeiro and Júlio César André Show full author list Hide full author list

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050735 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Mental health challenges are increasingly prevalent among young individuals, particularly within high-stress academic environments such as nursing education. Resilience is critical for maintaining well-being and adapting to university demands. Objective: To assess resilience levels in first-year nursing students at FAMERP (Faculty of Medicine [...] Read more.

Mental health challenges are increasingly prevalent among young individuals, particularly within high-stress academic environments such as nursing education. Resilience is critical for maintaining well-being and adapting to university demands. Objective: To assess resilience levels in first-year nursing students at FAMERP (Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto) upon entry in 2021 and their longitudinal evolution in 2022 and 2023, using the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale. The study also aims to explore the implications for mental health promotion in young healthcare professionals. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective, and quantitative study was conducted with 40 students. Data collection was performed via electronic forms and analyzed using descriptive statistics and specific tests within the R programming language. Results: The predominantly female sample, with a mean age of 19.5 years, exhibited moderate to high resilience levels: mean scores of 132.5 (2021), 135.8 (2022), and 139.2 (2023). A significant reduction in the Perseverance factor (p = 0.0131) was noted. There was a positive correlation between age and resilience scores (r = 0.42; p < 0.01). Discussion: Despite a slight overall increase in resilience, the decline in Perseverance is concerning, indicating potential growing mental health challenges as students progress. Small age differences significantly influence mental health outcomes. This decline may be related to increased academic stress, exposure to emotionally challenging clinical situations, and the cumulative effects of the “costs of caring”. Conclusions: Nursing students exhibit promising resilience levels, yet there is a critical need for interventions targeting Perseverance to enhance academic performance and patient care quality. Social Impact: This study contributes to the development of educational strategies designed to promote resilience, thereby potentially improving the mental health and academic performance of nursing students. By focusing on mental well-being, a more resilient healthcare workforce can be cultivated and better prepared to meet systemic challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Health Promotion in Young People)

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11 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multilevel Factors Influencing Perceived Barriers to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy Among Breast Cancer Patients at Medication Onset

by Timothy Cocozza, Rita Smith, Ana Maria Lopez, Shari Rudoler, Rachel Slamon, Tingting Zhan, Jazmarie L. Vega, Minal Dhamankar, Aruna Padmanabhan, Suzanne M. Miller and Kuang-Yi Wen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050734 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) significantly diminishes recurrence and mortality risks in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (BCa) patients. Nonetheless, suboptimal adherence and premature discontinuation during the initial year of treatment undermine these positive outcomes. This study aims to understand the potential diverse factors [...] Read more.

Purpose: Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) significantly diminishes recurrence and mortality risks in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (BCa) patients. Nonetheless, suboptimal adherence and premature discontinuation during the initial year of treatment undermine these positive outcomes. This study aims to understand the potential diverse factors associated with perceived barriers to AET compliance at the onset of medication. Methods: We assessed perceived barriers to AET using the ASK-20 instrument for BCa patients initiating AET within 3 months. Our survey also included demographic variables (e.g., musculoskeletal symptoms) and clinical traits (e.g., medication type). Stepwise regression analyses were employed to elucidate the links between multilevel factors and perceived barriers to AET adherence. Results: In our cohort of 272 women, the mean ASK-12 score was 38.2 +/− 9.2 (range 20–100). In the multivariable regression model, greater perceived barriers to adhering to AET were found to be associated with African American ethnicity (Β = 2.47; 0.53–4.21; p < 0.05), lower self-efficacy in medication management (Β = −0.80; −1.03–−0.58; p < 0.001), higher psychological distress (Β = 2.79; 0.61–4.97; p < 0.05), increased reported distress related to musculoskeletal side effects (Β = 0.64; 0.31–0.97; p < 0.001), weight gain symptoms (Β = 0.61; 0.18–1.03; p < 0.05), less family support (Β = −0.38; −0.53–−0.13; p < 0.05), and higher levels of concern pertaining to AET (Β = 0.64; 0.41–0.87; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Modifiable factors are associated with women’s perceived barriers to AET at the onset of treatment. Proactively addressing patient concerns about AET, improving self-regulatory skills for medication management and family support, and enhancing symptom management strategies, along with addressing distress at the onset of treatment, hold promise for mitigating barriers to AET. Furthermore, recognizing the distinctive challenges faced by African American subgroups is crucial, necessitating culturally tailored interventions to reduce potential disparities and ensure equitable access and adherence to AET. Continued research and tailored interventions are important for optimizing outcomes and reducing the impact of modifiable barriers on AET adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breast Health and Cancer Awareness: Addressing Breast Cancer Disparities from Etiology to Survivorship)

13 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthcare Access in the Aftermath: A Longitudinal Analysis of Disaster Impact on US Communities

by Kevin Chang, Jana A. Hirsch, Lauren Clay and Yvonne L. Michael

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050733 - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Research on climate-related disasters and healthcare infrastructure has largely focused on short-term, localized impacts. This study examined the long-term association between climate-related disasters and healthcare facilities across 3108 contiguous United States counties from 2000 to 2014. Utilizing databases like the National Establishment Time [...] Read more.

Research on climate-related disasters and healthcare infrastructure has largely focused on short-term, localized impacts. This study examined the long-term association between climate-related disasters and healthcare facilities across 3108 contiguous United States counties from 2000 to 2014. Utilizing databases like the National Establishment Time Series and the Spatial Hazards and Events Losses Database, we classified county-level infrastructure changes (“never had”, “lost”, “gained”, and “always had”) and disaster severity (minor, moderate, severe), respectively. Autoregressive linear models were used to estimate the total number of moderate and severe disasters (2000–2013) associated with the change in the number of healthcare establishments in 2014, after adjusting for healthcare establishments, total population, and poverty in 2000. Results demonstrate that an increase in one moderate disaster was significantly associated with increased hospital infrastructure (Count, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.03–0.25), while severe disasters were significantly associated with a decrease (Count, −0.31; 95% CI, −0.47–−0.14). Similar but stronger associations were observed for ambulatory care (Moderate: Count, 2.52; 95% CI 0.91–4.12 and Severe: Count, −5.99; 95% CI, −8.53–−3.64, respectively). No significant associations were found among pharmacies. These findings highlight the varying impacts of climate-related disasters on healthcare accessibility. Future initiatives should prioritize strengthening existing infrastructure and enhance disaster recovery strategies. Full article

15 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mother–Infant Relational Quality Following a NICU Stay: Investigating the Role of Maternal Childhood Experiences

by Corinna C. Klein, Camila A. Ferrario, Ying Yan and Nicole M. McDonald

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050732 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay complicates the transition to parenthood for new mothers. Women respond differently to perinatal stressors, which can impact their mental health and relationship with their new baby. Mothers’ own histories of adverse and benevolent childhood experiences can [...] Read more.

A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay complicates the transition to parenthood for new mothers. Women respond differently to perinatal stressors, which can impact their mental health and relationship with their new baby. Mothers’ own histories of adverse and benevolent childhood experiences can also shape their early parenting experiences. This study investigated the relationship between mothers’ adverse and benevolent childhood experiences and the observed and reported quality of interactions with their infant at 1 year following a NICU stay. Somewhat unexpectedly, we found that more maternal childhood adversity predicted less intrusive behavior and more responsiveness during a free play interaction at 12 months, while more benevolent childhood experiences predicted higher levels of observed intrusive mothering. Childhood experiences were not related to maternal perceptions of parent–child interaction quality. The length of the NICU stay was positively associated with maternal responsiveness. Findings highlight that childhood risk and protective factors may interact uniquely with a stay in the NICU, with greater adversity and a longer stay predicting more maternal responsiveness and sensitivity. Our study offers evidence that mothers can overcome their own early life challenges, and that overcoming childhood adversity may build resilience that uniquely prepares mothers for the challenge of a NICU stay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How Reproductive Life Events Influence Women's Mental Health)

21 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studying Disease Reinfection Rates, Vaccine Efficacy, and the Timing of Vaccine Rollout in the Context of Infectious Diseases: A COVID-19 Case Study

by Elizabeth B. Amona, Indranil Sahoo, Edward L. Boone and Ryad Ghanam

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050731 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the intricate nature of disease dynamics, extending beyond transmission patterns to the complex interplay of intervention strategies. In the post-COVID-19 era, reinfection has emerged as a critical factor, shaping how we model disease progression, evaluate immunity, and assess [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the intricate nature of disease dynamics, extending beyond transmission patterns to the complex interplay of intervention strategies. In the post-COVID-19 era, reinfection has emerged as a critical factor, shaping how we model disease progression, evaluate immunity, and assess the effectiveness of public health interventions. This research uniquely explores the varied efficacy of existing vaccines and the pivotal role of vaccination timing in the context of COVID-19. Departing from conventional modeling, we introduce two models that account for the impact of vaccines on infections, reinfections, and deaths. We estimate model parameters under the Bayesian framework, specifically utilizing the Metropolis–Hastings Sampler. We conduct data-driven scenario analyses for the State of Qatar, quantifying the potential duration during which the healthcare system could have been overwhelmed by an influx of new COVID-19 cases surpassing available hospital beds. Additionally, the research explores similarities in predictive probability distributions of cumulative infections, reinfections, and deaths, employing the Hellinger distance metric. Comparative analysis, utilizing the Bayes factor, underscores the plausibility of a model assuming a different susceptibility rate to reinfection, as opposed to assuming the same susceptibility rate for both infections and reinfections. Results highlight the adverse outcomes associated with delayed vaccination, emphasizing the efficacy of early vaccination in reducing infections, reinfections, and deaths. Our research advocates for prioritization of early vaccination as a key strategy in effectively combating future pandemics, thereby providing vital insights for evidence-based public health interventions. Full article

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12 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HIV Viral Re-Suppression on Second-Line ART in Southern Zimbabwe

by Kudakwashe Musomekwa and Brian van Wyk

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050730 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

The national prevalence of HIV among adults in Zimbabwe was 10.4% in 2023, while the HIV prevalence in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province was 11.7%. The country achieved the UNAIDS Fast Track goals of 95-95-95 ahead of the 2030 target, by reporting an ART coverage [...] Read more.

The national prevalence of HIV among adults in Zimbabwe was 10.4% in 2023, while the HIV prevalence in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province was 11.7%. The country achieved the UNAIDS Fast Track goals of 95-95-95 ahead of the 2030 target, by reporting an ART coverage of 97.0% and a viral suppression rate of 95.0%. As the number of people on ART continues to grow, it is expected that the number of patients failing current first-line non-nucleoside treatment will increase. However, access to second-line treatment regimens remains very limited in resource-poor settings such as Zimbabwe. It is therefore imperative to review treatment success for persons on second-line treatment. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using routinely collected clinical and demographic data from 315 participants who had been on a second-line ART regimen in Bulawayo for at least six months between 2015 and 2020. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for viral suppression using SPSS version 28. Viral suppression (68.6%) for adults was far below the target of 95%. After accounting for all other variables, baseline CD4 count (>200 c/µL) [AOR = 1.94 (1.05–3.61)], having no history of non-adherence on first-line ART [AOR = 3.88 (1.91–7.85)], drug switch within 12 months of failure [AOR = 4.13 (1.98–8.60)] and retention in care at 5 years [AOR = 6.35 (2.56–15.76)] predicted viral re-suppression. The second-line (rescue) regimen has not achieved the expected success in reversing initial viral non-suppression (due to late presentation and poor adherence), despite enhanced adherence counselling. Timely switching is effective when done within 12 months and coupled with persistent engagement in care. We recommend improved methods, such as enhanced adherence counselling for behaviour change to improve viral re-suppression rates, especially for those on with a history of poor adherence and virologic non-suppression. Full article

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24 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workforce Career Development in Public Health, Health Education, and the Health Services: Insights from 30 Years of Cross-Disciplinary National and International Mentoring

by Holly Blake

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050729 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

This paper presents my personal experiences of cross-disciplinary national and international academic mentoring over 30 years in a higher education setting, supporting 605 mentees in public health, health education, and the health services. I supported mentees at diverse career stages through (a) one-to-one [...] Read more.

This paper presents my personal experiences of cross-disciplinary national and international academic mentoring over 30 years in a higher education setting, supporting 605 mentees in public health, health education, and the health services. I supported mentees at diverse career stages through (a) one-to-one mentoring relationships (n = 231 mentees; from the UK, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Australasia; academics, industry, and healthcare professionals), (b) a cross-faculty structured mentoring programme (n = 52; junior faculty), (c) a cross-institutional interprofessional internship programme including mentoring and public health placements (n = 302 interns; from five universities), and (d) an interprofessional learning programme in workplace health called WHIRL, which was embedded within Test@Work, a public health innovation bridging health promotion practice, research, and industry and involving peer mentoring and mentor support (n = 20; volunteer healthcare trainees). In this paper, I outline the broader concept of mentoring, together with an overview of mentoring types, uses, and benefits. The diverse contexts in which mentoring occurs are discussed: (i) micro-mentoring, (ii) inducting new staff, (iii) peer mentoring, (iv) career transition moments, (v) career advancement mentoring, (vi) diversity mentoring, (vii) knowledge sharing mentoring, (viii) collaborative learning and support mentoring, and (ix) leadership development mentoring. The challenges of mentoring are presented alongside suggested actions to take. I advocate for mentoring evaluation and provide a worked example of measuring the outcomes of one-to-one mentoring using The Career Support and Psychosocial Support Scales (online survey; n = 103 mentees; from 22 countries). Finally, I reflect upon the diversity of mentoring experiences, with activities and benefits categorised into six key areas: interpersonal relationships; networking opportunities; enhancing knowledge and skills; employment, reward and recognition; support for under-served groups; and convening communities of practice. Full article

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20 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development and Initial Validation of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Long COVID (MSAS-LC): A Promising Tool for Measuring Long COVID

by Sadie B. Sommer, Mary S. Dietrich and Julie V. Barroso

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050728 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Long COVID remains a public health challenge, impacting over 65 million people globally and manifesting as persistent, multisystemic symptoms that complicate both diagnosis and treatment. To address the need for a standardized, patient-centered assessment tool, this study introduces the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Long [...] Read more.

Long COVID remains a public health challenge, impacting over 65 million people globally and manifesting as persistent, multisystemic symptoms that complicate both diagnosis and treatment. To address the need for a standardized, patient-centered assessment tool, this study introduces the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Long COVID (MSAS-LC), which evaluates symptom prevalence, frequency, severity, and distress. The MSAS-LC was developed by modifying the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale to include 45 prevalent Long COVID symptoms. A cross-sectional survey of 261 U.S. adults (129 with Long COVID and 131 without) assessed validity and group differences. Symptom prevalence was analyzed using logistic regression, while symptom burden (frequency, severity, and distress) was compared using generalized linear models. Participants with Long COVID reported significantly higher symptom prevalence and burden across all systems. Memory problems (73.4% vs. 30.5%; OR = 6.29, p < 0.001) and post-exertional fatigue (OR = 8.55, p < 0.001) were among the most burdensome symptoms. These findings offer preliminary evidence supporting the potential utility of MSAS-LC and underscore the continued public health relevance of individual and collective symptom presentations. The findings suggest the distinct symptom burden, emphasizing the importance of future research to inform diagnostic and treatment strategies. With continued validation, the MSAS-LC may contribute to improved symptom monitoring and care planning in clinical and public health settings. Full article

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25 pages, 1817 KiB

Open AccessReview

State-of-the-Art Review on Removal of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Water

by Zaid Al-Shomali, Alcides Pereira, Ana Clara Marques and Maria de Lurdes Dinis

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050727 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Radionuclide-contaminated water is carcinogenic and poses numerous severe health risks and environmental dangers. Thus, effective removal techniques are required to ensure the safety of drinking water sources. This article overviews several methods to remove naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) from water, including adsorption, [...] Read more.

Radionuclide-contaminated water is carcinogenic and poses numerous severe health risks and environmental dangers. Thus, effective removal techniques are required to ensure the safety of drinking water sources. This article overviews several methods to remove naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) from water, including adsorption, coagulation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electrodialysis, iron manganese filtration, and membrane filtration. A search is conducted in different scientific databases to identify relevant articles, reviews, and studies on removing radionuclides from water. The overarching goal of this article is to deepen the understanding of the techniques available for radionuclide removal from water and to foster the creation of innovative solutions for water contamination concerns. Each technique is examined in terms of its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability in removing specific radionuclides from water sources. The advantages and limitations of these techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of selecting the most appropriate method based on the characteristics of the radionuclides and the water source. Different methods can be combined for the more effective removal of radionuclides from water, such as coagulation and filtration, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. The treatment of water contaminated with radionuclides requires prior laboratory work and pilot-scale tests to determine the most suitable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)

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12 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Health Among Adults with Depressive Symptoms in Qatar: Findings from Qatar Biobank Population-Based Study

by Mohammed Aldalaykeh, Ahmad H. Abu Raddaha, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Waqas Sami and Fadi Khraim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050726 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

Depression is a mood disorder that is highly prevalent and is characterized by cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms. This study aimed to describe the physical health status of individuals with depressive symptoms in Qatar and examine the relationships between physical health indicators and [...] Read more.

Depression is a mood disorder that is highly prevalent and is characterized by cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms. This study aimed to describe the physical health status of individuals with depressive symptoms in Qatar and examine the relationships between physical health indicators and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional correlational design was used, and data were extracted from the Qatar Biobank. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The physical health measurements included heart rate, blood pressure, lung capacity, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and a self-reported questionnaire. The sample included 687 participants with an average age of 35.39 ± 9.82 years old. The comorbidities reported by participants included diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, and their prevalence ranged from 10 to 26.2%. The BMI data revealed that 38.6% of the participants were either overweight or obese. Approximately 29% of females and 22% of males had an abnormally high waist-to-hip ratio. The percentage of individuals who complained of recurrent chest pain, headache/migraine, or body pain ranged between 12.2 and 43.2%. The mean score of the PHQ-9 was 10.07 ± 4.05, and 43.1% of the sample reported having moderate to severe depression. Several factors were significantly related to depression scores: heart rate, waist-to-hip ratio, headache/migraine, chest pain, body pain, and recent weight change. Healthcare professionals should screen individuals for both depressive symptoms and physical symptoms. This may help in the earlier detection of mental illness and/or physical disease, and thus may ensure better recovery or prognosis and may prevent serious complications. Full article

12 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolving Global Migration Trends: Post-Migration Experiences of Iranian Dentists Attempting to Obtain Credential Recognition in Canada

by Sara Hajian and Glen E. Randall

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050725 - 2 May 2025

Abstract

As global migration continues to expand, the diversity of migrant populations increases. This includes a growing number of highly educated individuals from lower-income countries who face significant economic and mental health challenges in attempting to integrate into new communities. Despite extensive education and [...] Read more.

As global migration continues to expand, the diversity of migrant populations increases. This includes a growing number of highly educated individuals from lower-income countries who face significant economic and mental health challenges in attempting to integrate into new communities. Despite extensive education and experience, their expertise is often unrecognized, with many resorting to unskilled labor alternatives. While substantial research exists on the immigration experiences of physicians and nurses, little is known about other professionals, such as dentists. This case study seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the post-migration experiences of Iranian-trained dentists in Canada, identifying barriers and facilitators to their successful integration. Using a qualitative approach, this study is based on eleven interviews with dentists trained in Iran who recently immigrated to Canada. Semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom in English. A thematic analysis was performed using the 2021 Dedoose software program. Barriers to successful integration were categorized into two main themes: “socio-cultural” and “institutional” impediments. The findings show that participants faced significant challenges integrating into Canadian society. Beyond the many socio-cultural obstacles, the negative economic and mental health impacts of attempting to navigate the credential recognition system were substantial, largely due to what appears to be a systematic and institutionalized bias against foreign-trained individuals built into the credentialing system. As a result, their skills often remain underutilized, benefiting neither themselves nor their new country. Findings will inform policy and practice and propose practical recommendations that include reducing institutional barriers for credential assessment, providing mental health support, and offering financial support during assessment of international education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Migrants and Refugees: Recent Trends, Health Inequities and Aging)

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